ADHD In Adults: A Comprehensive Approach To Diagnosis And Treatment
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects the lives of many adults, despite being commonly associated with childhood (Kooij et al., 2010). An early and adequate diagnosis is essential to improve the quality of life and functioning in the work and personal spheres of affected people.
In this article, a comprehensive approach is presented that addresses the neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral and humanistic-existential bases of ADHD in adults, as well as treatment and follow-up.
Proper diagnosis of ADHD in adults requires a comprehensive evaluation that includes clinical history, current functioning, and assessment of specific symptoms (Faraone et al., 2015). All over the world, ADHD affects approximately 2.5-4.4% of the adult population, but many adults have not been adequately diagnosed or treated (Simon et al., 2009; Kessler et al., 2006). The lack of timely detection of the disorder can lead to a series of problems in adult life, such as difficulties in the workplace, the family and social environment, and mental health in general.
Effects of ADHD on behavior and the adult brain
Brain alterations identified in individuals with ADHD primarily affect the prefrontal cortex and the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter system, which may contribute to symptoms of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (Faraone et al., 2015). These neurobiological abnormalities can generate difficulties in regulating emotions and decision making, as well as impulse control and the ability to maintain focus on long-term tasks and goals (Swanson et al., 2008).
Additionally, people with ADHD may face cognitive difficulties such as problems organizing tasks, planning, and setting priorities, which can lead to maladaptive behaviors and problems in interpersonal relationships (Barkley, 2010). They may also experience difficulties in learning and academic performance, which may limit their employment and career opportunities throughout life (DuPaul et al., 2009).
On the emotional and existential level, ADHD can affect self-image and the ability to find meaning and purpose in life (Young et al., 2017). The interaction between neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral and humanistic-existential aspects can have a significant impact on daily life, generating problems such as procrastination, stress, low self-esteem and emotional problems (Barkley, 2010). In some cases, people with ADHD may develop anxiety disorders, depression, or other mood disorders due to the emotional burden and daily challenges they face (Kessler et al., 2005).
How is ADHD in adults treated?
ADHD treatment in adults usually combines medication, therapy and support. Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, are common pharmacological treatments (Kooij et al., 2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential-humanistic therapy may also be helpful in addressing the cognitive and emotional difficulties associated with ADHD (Safren et al., 2010; Young et al., 2017).
Additionally, support from self-help groups and education about the disorder can improve understanding and management of ADHD in daily life.
It is essential to consider the cultural and social context in which the person with ADHD develops to offer adequate treatment adapted to their needs (Stevens et al., 2013). Psychoeducational intervention, both for the patient and for the patient’s family and close environment, is essential to promote understanding and acceptance of the disorder, as well as to develop effective strategies for coping and managing symptoms (Kendall et al., 2010). .
Regular follow-up with mental health professionals is essential to monitor progress and adjust treatment as necessary. Collaboration between the individual, their family, and the treatment team is crucial to ensure that specific needs are addressed and sustainable improvement in quality of life is achieved (Ramsay, 2017).
In conclusion, the proper diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults is essential to improve their quality of life and functioning in both the work and personal spheres. The interrelation between the neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral and humanistic-existential bases highlights the importance of addressing symptoms and problems related to ADHD comprehensively. Collaboration between the individual, her family, and mental health professionals is key to achieving successful results in the treatment and monitoring of ADHD in adults.
Therefore, it is essential to promote a holistic and comprehensive approach in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of ADHD in adults to improve their well-being and support their full personal and professional development. Only through appropriate and personalized care, based on a deep understanding of the multiple dimensions of ADHD and its effects on the lives of affected people, can we make a positive difference in their quality of life and help them reach their full potential.
