Biomass: What It Is, How It Is Calculated, And How It Is Distributed
Bioelements, as their name indicates, are the chemical elements of the periodic table that make up the different living beings on the planet. Although life is made up of about 30 elements, 96% of the cell mass of almost every taxa you can think of is made up of just six of them: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. These elements give rise to proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates and many other compounds, so conceiving life without them is an impossible task.
The organic matter present on Earth is not fixed, but is transformed through the use of energy. For example, a plant grows thanks to light energy and inorganic compounds present in the soil, transforming minerals into carbon. This mass is consumed by a herbivorous animal, then by a carnivore, and then by a top predator, until it dies. At this point, all the accumulated matter decomposes in the soils and we restart the cycle.
The trophic chains in ecosystems modulate this flow of energy, that is, the “who eats who” conditions the functioning of the environments and, therefore, of all the life present in the environment. Anyway, To understand the exchange of energy in different biological systems, it is necessary to describe at length a term of great interest: biomass Today we tell you everything about her, so keep reading.
The biomass is the mass of living biological organisms present in a specific ecosystem at a given time The weight can be determined at the level of a specific taxon or population (species biomass) or comprising all the living elements that cohabit in the environment (community or community biomass). Biomass is distributed in terrestrial ecosystems in a pyramidal manner in the food chain, from the primary producers who are the base, to the superpredators at the top.
It should be noted that biomass is not used 100% at all ecosystem levels. We explain ourselves. At an ecological level, of all the biomass consumed by a cow in the form of grass (100% of the energy), only 10% will pass to the next trophic level. The mammal must burn the organic matter it consumes to forage, reproduce, produce heat and ultimately live, so only a tiny part of the energy obtained from biomass passes from level to level in the chain. Luckily, solar energy is “unlimited”, so this loss should not be noticeable in a healthy ecosystem as long as there are plants that carry out photosynthesis.
A term interrelated with biomass is bioenergy , since this refers to obtaining energy in a renewable way in the human sector, through the use of organic matter (whether treated naturally in the ecosystem or mechanically). Biomass and bioenergy are two sides of the same coin, but the first term generally refers to a natural event, while the second has clear anthropogenic applicability.
The biomass of the Earth, in raw data
In 2018, the research The biomass distribution on Earth was published on the scientific portal PNAS, which tried to estimate the biomass throughout the Earth in the form of carbon (C), the organic component par excellence of living beings A total of 550 gigatons of carbon were calculated, which are distributed among the different living taxa as follows:
Furthermore, this study calculated that the amount of terrestrial biomass is two orders larger than marine , but it is estimated that the biota in the aquatic environment contributes a total of about 6 gigatons of carbon, a figure that is not insignificant. As you can see, most of the organic matter on Earth is found in microorganisms and plants.
Calculation of biomass
Calculating the total biomass produced in an ecosystem is an extremely difficult task, although new technologies (such as Laser Vegetation Imaging Sensor) help researchers make fairly reliable estimates, at least when quantifying the plant carbon of an environment. Due to the intrinsic complexity of taking into account all the living elements of the biome, It is necessary to resort to equations and regression methods, that is, to calculate the biomass produced by an individual and then extrapolate this value to the total population
To give you an idea of how biomass can be calculated, we will take a petri dish with microorganisms, the smallest scale that we can think of. To estimate carbon, follow the following equation:
Biomass (in micrograms of carbon/milliliter of sample): N x Bv XF
In this equation, N represents the number of microorganisms counted in one milliliter of sample, Bv is the biovolume that is what each microorganism occupies (on a µm^3 scale) and F is the carbon conversion factor, in µg of C per µm. ^3. As you can see, quantifying the biomass in a sample is not easy, not even when we move on microscopic scales.
Productivity and biomass
A term completely linked to biomass is ecological productivity This parameter is defined as the production of organic matter in a given area per unit of time, that is, the amount of biomass that is generated in a natural ecosystem or human artificial system.
The most common unit used to quantify productivity in an ecosystem is kilograms/hectare per year, although other scales of weight (tons, gigatonnes), surface area (square meters, square centimeters, etc.) and even time (days) can be used. , hours, decades). It all depends on the utility and focus of the study in question that is trying to obtain specific parameters.
Let’s take an example Suppose we have an area of 40 hectares that was empty at the beginning, but has been repopulated with plants that, on average, weigh 1 kilogram. In total we count about 1,000 plants of the species of interest at the end of the year, which gives us, consequently, 1,000 kilograms of total mass (species biomass). If we do the relevant calculations (1,000 kg/40 Ha), we will obtain that, in total, the productivity has been 25 kg/Ha/year.
This hypothetical model presents a high productivity rate, but things change quite a bit if we talk about animals. Now think about a population of cows that, for example, need a land area of 20,000 hectares to thrive. No matter how much these livestock mammals weigh, they will be fewer total individuals than plants and, in addition, the foraging terrain is larger, which gives us a much lower total biomass produced.
In addition to this, it is necessary to take into account the previous point: the energy that jumps from link to link of the chain is only 10% Cows spend 90% of their energy living, so a primarily plant ecosystem is always more productive than one with abundant animals. In any case, natural selection does not “seek” to maximize productivity, but rather to maintain a stable long-term balance between all components. Therefore, when exotic species are introduced into an ecosystem, the outcome is usually disastrous.
Summary
To put everything you have learned into perspective, we compare two specific cases: plant (primary) productivity in a desert is less than 0.5 grams/square meter/day, while in a crop field the value ranges from 10 grams. /square meter/day. The more plants present in an ecosystem, the more biomass there will be and, therefore, the higher the productivity rate.
In summary, Biomass reflects the amount of organic matter in a specific place and site, while productivity refers to the speed and effectiveness with which this organic matter is produced These parameters help us understand the functioning of natural ecosystems, but they also allow us to maximize the material and economic benefits when exploiting the land for human purposes.
