Is Intelligence Inherited From The Mother Or The Father?

Intelligence is one of the most complex human traits, influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. For decades, scientists have debated whether intelligence is primarily inherited from the mother or the father. While early research suggested that genes from the mother may play a dominant role, the reality is more nuanced, involving contributions from both parents and external influences such as education, upbringing, and social environment.

In this article, we will explore the genetic, neurological, and environmental factors that shape intelligence, separating scientific facts from myths.

From whom is the intelligence gene inherited?

The inheritance of intelligence is a complex process that involves the contribution of multiple genes, as well as environmental factors. There is no single “intelligence gene” that can be definitively identified.

Intelligence is inherited polygenically, which means that several genes contribute to its expression. These genes interact in complex ways with each other and with the environment to influence a person’s cognitive development. There are recessive and dominant genes in every human being. Next, we will locate the differences between the two:

• Recessive gene: consists of a copy of the DNA present in a person’s genetic material, but which is not manifested in a concrete way. Although it is not expressed in physical and/or personality characteristics, this does not mean that it is absent.
• Dominant gene: represents the genetic material that manifests itself in the human being through physical, mental and behavioral aspects.

In summary, both genes are linked to intelligence and come from parents as ancestors. Therefore, stating that intelligence is inherited of the mother is correct, but it cannot be attributed solely to that, since it is the result of a complex interaction between genes and the environment. If you want to know more, don’t miss this article on What is epigenetics in psychology.

The Role of Genetics in Intelligence

How Is Intelligence Passed Down Genetically?

Genetics plays a significant role in intelligence, but it is not as simple as inheriting a single “intelligence gene” from either parent. Instead, intelligence is a polygenic trait, meaning it is influenced by multiple genes working together.

Studies indicate that 50% to 80% of intelligence can be attributed to genetic factors, while the rest is shaped by environmental influences such as nutrition, education, and life experiences.

X Chromosome and Intelligence: Why Mothers May Have a Greater Influence

One of the most widely discussed theories is that intelligence is more likely to be inherited from the mother due to its connection to the X chromosome. Here’s why:

• The X chromosome carries a large number of genes related to cognitive abilities.
• Women have two X chromosomes, while men have only one X and one Y chromosome.
• Since men inherit their only X chromosome from their mother, some researchers speculate that maternal intelligence genes may have a stronger impact on their sons.

However, this does not mean that fathers do not contribute to intelligence. Many intelligence-related genes are autosomal, meaning they are not linked to sex chromosomes and can come from both parents equally.

Studies Supporting Maternal Influence

Some studies suggest that genes linked to advanced cognitive functions are found on the X chromosome and are more likely to be activated when inherited from the mother. A 2016 study published in the journal Intelligence indicated that children’s IQ scores were often closer to their mother’s IQ than their father’s.

However, intelligence is a highly complex trait, and recent research emphasizes that both parents contribute significantly.

The Influence of the Father on Intelligence

Paternal Genetic Contribution

While the X chromosome theory has gained popularity, it does not mean that a father’s genes are insignificant in determining intelligence. Intelligence is influenced by hundreds of genes, many of which come from the father’s genetic makeup as well.

Studies show that:

• Fathers pass down genetic material that influences brain development and memory.
• Certain aspects of problem-solving, logical reasoning, and creativity have been linked to paternal genetic inheritance.
• The father’s genes contribute to other important cognitive traits, such as emotional intelligence, motivation, and resilience.

Environmental and Epigenetic Factors

Genetics alone does not determine intelligence. The environment plays a crucial role, and fathers significantly shape their children’s intelligence through education, interactions, and emotional support.

For example:

• Children who grow up with engaged fathers tend to have higher cognitive and language skills.
• A father’s presence and involvement in a child’s education can enhance critical thinking and learning abilities.
• Epigenetics, the study of how genes are expressed based on environmental factors, shows that intellectual stimulation and emotional support from fathers can influence cognitive development.

Is it true that intelligence is inherited from the mother?

The idea that intelligence is inherited specifically from the mother is not a completely accurate statement. Historically, it has been suggested that genes related to brain development and intelligence were linked to the X chromosome which is inherited from both the mother and the father.

Furthermore, it has been argued that some specific genes related to brain function are more actively expressed on the maternal X chromosome than on the paternal one. However, the reality is that intelligence is the result of a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors, and cannot be attributed solely to the maternal line.

More recent research has shown that several genes on different chromosomes can influence intelligence, and the contribution of each parent can vary depending on a number of genetic and environmental factors.

What percentage of intelligence is inherited

Determining a specific percentage of how much intelligence is inherited is extremely difficult due to the complex nature of this trait and the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Some estimates suggest that genetic inheritance may contribute between 40% and 80% to variability in intelligence, while the rest is attributed to environmental factors and other non-genetic factors.

It is important to keep in mind that these percentages These are estimates only and may vary depending on the population studied and the methods used to measure intelligence. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognize that intelligence is a multifaceted trait that can manifest itself in various ways, such as verbal skills, mathematical skills, spatial reasoning, or memory, among others.

Does genetics alone define our intelligence?

The intelligence is not determined solely by genetics. While genes play an important role in the development of intelligence, environmental factors are also critical. Education, nutrition, family environment, life experiences, cognitive stimulation and other factors can significantly influence a person’s intellectual development.

The studies⁽¹⁾ have shown that the environment in which a person grows and develops can have a substantial impact in his intelligence. For example, quality education, exposure to different types of cognitive activities, emotional support, and intellectual stimulation can help develop and improve cognitive skills.

Put another way, an environment that encourages education, emotional support, and opportunities for growth can foster the development of intelligence. In short, while genetics can provide an initial basis for intelligence, environment and life experiences play a crucial role in how it develops and manifests in a person over time.

Environmental Factors That Shape Intelligence

Even though intelligence is partially inherited, external factors significantly shape cognitive abilities. These include:

1. Early Childhood Stimulation

• Exposure to reading, problem-solving activities, and creativity-based learning in early childhood enhances brain development.
• A stimulating home environment improves language, memory, and logical thinking skills.

2. Nutrition and Health

• Proper nutrition during pregnancy and early childhood is crucial for brain growth.
• Nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, iron, and vitamins play a key role in cognitive function.

3. Education and Learning Opportunities

• Access to quality education directly impacts intelligence levels.
• Engaging in activities like puzzles, reading, music, and sports improves cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.

4. Emotional and Social Environment

• A supportive and emotionally stable family fosters higher intelligence.
• Chronic stress, trauma, or neglect can negatively affect brain development and learning capabilities.

5. Cultural and Societal Influences

• Societal factors, such as access to knowledge, technology, and diverse experiences, shape intelligence.
• People raised in intellectually stimulating environments tend to perform better in cognitive tasks.

Debunking Myths About Intelligence Inheritance

1. Is Intelligence 100% Genetic?

No. While genetics contributes significantly, intelligence is also shaped by environmental experiences, education, and personal effort.

2. Do Smart Parents Always Have Smart Children?

Not necessarily. While children of highly intelligent parents often have higher cognitive potential, environmental factors can influence their actual intellectual development.

3. Are Boys More Likely to Inherit Intelligence From Their Mothers?

The X chromosome theory suggests a potential maternal influence, but both parents play a crucial role in intelligence inheritance.

If you want to read more articles similar to Is intelligence inherited from the mother or the father? we recommend that you enter our Neurosciences category.

FAQs About Intelligence Inheritance

Is intelligence inherited more from the mother or the father?

While some theories suggest a stronger influence from the mother due to the X chromosome, intelligence is determined by multiple genes from both parents. Environmental factors also play a significant role.

Can intelligence be improved, or is it fixed at birth?

Intelligence is not fixed; it can be developed through education, experiences, and cognitive stimulation.

Do genetics determine IQ completely?

No. Genetics influence IQ, but factors like education, nutrition, and upbringing significantly affect cognitive abilities.

Are first-born children more intelligent?

Some studies suggest that first-born children tend to have slightly higher IQs due to increased parental attention, but the difference is minimal.

Can parents actively boost their child’s intelligence?

Yes! Parents can enhance intelligence by providing stimulating environments, encouraging curiosity, supporting education, and fostering emotional security.

This article is merely informative, at PsychologyFor we do not have the power to make a diagnosis or recommend a treatment. We invite you to go to a psychologist to treat your particular case.